Ibandronate vs. Alendronate for Osteoporosis - All Nursing AssignmentsAll Nursing Assignments

Cost-Effectiveness of

Ibandronate vs. Alendronate used in treatment of osteoporosis, in a specialized clinic in Tirana.

Dr. Mirela Miraçi

¹

; Msc.Arlinda Demeti

²

;

Prof.as

Zamira Ylli

³

;

Prof

.Mira Ziçishti

³

;

Prof.As Suela Kelliçi

¹

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Tirana.
Bioparafarmacia Franceze
Neostyle Clinic

Abstract:

Osteoporosis is “a systemic skeletal disease with a high prevalence. Biphosphonates are medicaments which are chosen for their efficacy in reducing fracture incidence, increasing bone density and improving bone microarchitecture. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drugs (ibandronate and alendronate) used in osteoporosis treatment, in post-menopausal women over the age of 50 years at a specialized clinic in Tirana; to calculate the annual cost of treatment of osteoporosis and to perform a cost effectiveness analyze.

Methods

: Retrospective. The patients were all female, in menopause or post menopause, with T-score -1 to -6, treated with alendronate or ibandronate. The effectiveness is calculated as the average percentage of change in bone mineral density (av. % of change in BMD) of year 2011 vs. 2010 baseline. The annual cost of the treatment of osteoporosis according to the protocols and the cost of the examination with DXA scan (dual x-ray absorptiometry) were calculated. Finally a comparison of the cost-effectiveness was performed.

Conclusion:

Patients with osteoporosis treated with Ibandronate, at our clinic in Tirana, have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients treated with Alendronate, with statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 66.0, p < 0.01).

The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 1.3 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate. Ibandronate is more cost – effective than all other alendronate .

Introduction

: Osteoporosis is “a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures”
⁽¹⁾

The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as “bone density 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean for young white adult women at lumbar spine, femoral neck or forearm”.
⁽²⁾

Osteoporosis leads to nearly 9million fractures each year worldwide and over 300,000patients with fragility fractures are registered in UK hospitals each year (British Orthopaedic Association, 2007).
⁽³⁾

Osteoporoza, është një sëmundje me një prevalencë të lartë edhe në Shqipëri (7.28% e popullatës dhe 9.6% tek femrat)
⁴
, e njëjtë me atë të hasur për astmën apo sëmundjet e zemrës; ……………..

Direct medical costs due to fragility fractures in UK healthcare economy were estimated at £1.8billion in 2000, with the potential to increase to £2.2billion by 2025 and the major part of these costs were related to hip fracture care.
⁽⁵⁾

The annual cost of osteoporosis and fractures in the US elderly was estimated at $16 billion
⁽⁶⁾

Osteoporosis is diagnosed by a

T

-score, which is the number of standard deviation (SD) that patient’s bone mineral density (BMD), measured using dualX-ray absorptiometry, differs from the mean BMD of 30-years old premenopausal women. Patients with

T

-score of between -1 and -2.5 SD are said to have osteoporosis.
^7,8

Biphosphonates are medicaments which are chosen for their efficacy in reducing fracture incidence, increasing bone density and improving bone microarchitecture.
^9-15

Top of Form

Methods

: Retrospective. The patients were all female, in menopause or post menopause, 50 years old or elder, with T-score -1 to -6, diagnosed for the 1rst time in 2010 (the 1rst BMD measurement), who have received treatment (alendronate or ibandronate) for 12 months and in 2011 have performed a 2nd BMD measurement.

The effectiveness is calculated as the average percentage of change in bone mineral density (av.% of change in BMD) of year 2011 vs. 2010 baseline. It was calculated the annual cost of the treatment of osteoporosis according to the protocols: with once monthly 150 mg oral ibandronate plus supplements (calcium, vitamine D) and once weekly 70 mg alendronate (4 times per month) plus supplements (calcium, vitamine D). There are also included other direct costs such as the examination with DXA scan (dual x-ray absorptiometry) to determine the diagnosis and the medical visits. Finally a comparison of the cost-effectiveness will be performed.

Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 statistical package. It is used the non-parametric Man Whitney U test to compare the continuous variables, Fisher Exact test was used to compare proportions between variables and the the Odds Ratio OR for assessing the association between variables. Point estimations are accompanied with interval estimation by 95 % CI. For continuous variables is presented the average, the standard deviation and the minimum and maximum values. The level of statistical significance is defined at α ≤ 005. Statistical tests are two-sided.duhet te shihet gjuha e perdorur, a qendron ne anglisht?

Results of the study

In our study were included 70 patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria. 24 patients were treated with once monthly 150 mg oral ibandronate and 46 patients with once weekly 70 mg alendronate.There were not case of fracture among our patients.

Table 1 compares the frequency of pathologies (osteopenia and osteoporosis) in two groups of patients treated with alendronat or ibandronat.

	Osteoporosis	Osteopenia
Ibandronate	14	10
Alendronate	18	28

OR= 1.3 95%CI 0.5 – 4.2 p=0.4

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Number of patients treated with alendronate is 1.3 times higher than the number of patients treated with ibandronate in the case of osteoporosis. (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.5-4.2, p = 0.4).

Chart 1

Calculation of efficiency

We have to calculate the average percentage of change of BMD (2011) to baseline (2010):

Table2. In the group of Alandronate

(N=46)

we have found this data:

	Osteoporosis n=18	Osteopeni n= 28

	M (SD) min – max	M (SD) min – max	Mann-Whitney U	p

T Score 2010	-3.2 (0.7) -4.6 – -2.5	-1.9 (0.4) -2.4 – -1.1	507.0	<0.001
T Score 2011	-3.1 (0.8) -4.7 – -2.2	-1.8 (0.6) -2.4 – -1.1	515.5	<0.001
Age, yrs	61.2 (8.0) 51.0 – 79.0	59.1 (7.8) 51.0 – 81.0	223.5	0.3
Height, m	1.5 (0.05) 1.4 – 1.6	1.5 (0.07) 1.4 – 1.7	304.5	0.3
Weight, kg	58.8 (8.3) 46.0 – 73.0	68.6 (11.1) 51.0 – 95.0	376.5	0.01
*Age-Group, yrs	n (%)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)
50 -59 yrs	8 (17)	19 (41)	–
60 -69 yrs	7 (15.2)	6 (13.0)	1.6 0.4 – 6.7	0.4
>70 yrs	3 (7)	3 (7)	2.8 0.4 – 25.2	0.3

*Fisher exact test p=0.3

There are 46 patients treated with alendronate. 18 ( 39.1 %) (95% ; CI 29.7 – 52.1) of them suffer from osteoporosis and 28 ( 60.9 % ) (95 % CI 47.8 – 74.2) from osteopenia, with no statistically significant difference between them, p = 0.9

Grupmosha 60 – 69 vjeç ka 1.6 herë më tepër gjasa që të vuajnë nga Osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeç, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndërmjet tyre (OR=1.6; 95%CI 0.4–6.7; p=0.4)

Grupmosha >70 vjeç ka 2.8 herë më tepër gjasa që të vuajnë nga osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeç, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndërmjet tyre (OR=2.8; 95%CI 0.4–25.2; p=0.3)

Pacientet me Osteopeni kanë peshë mesatare më të lartë krahasuar me pacientët me Osteoporozë, me ndryshim statistikisht të rëndësishëm ndërmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=376.5, p=0.01)

Pacientët me Osteoporozë kanë të njëjtën gjatësi mesatare me pacientët me Osteopeni, pa ndryshim statistikisht të rëndesishëm ndërmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=304.5, p=0.3).

The change from baseline

for Alendronate group

The change from baseline is calculated:

Table 3

	Osteoporosis n=18	Osteopenia n= 28

	M (SD) min – max	M (SD) min – max	Mann-Whitney U	p

The change from baseline	2.1 (4.5) -7.6 – 13.9	1.7 (6.2) -23 – 11.1	316.0	0.2

Patients with osteopenia have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients with osteoporosis, no statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 316.0, p = 0.2).

Table 4. In the group of Ibandronate (

N

= 24

)

we have find this data:

	Osteoporosis n=14	Osteopeni n= 10

	M (SD) min – max	M (SD) min – max	Mann-Whitney U	p

T Score 2010	-3.7 (0.7) -5.0 – -2.7	-1.8 (0.3) -2.2 – -1.4	140.0	<0.001
T Score 2011	-3.2 (0.8) -4.4 – -1.7	-1.5 (0.4) -2.1 – -1.0	134.5	<0.001
Age yrs	64.3 (7.3) 53.0 – 77.0	59.1 (5.0) 53.0 – 68.0	39.5	0.07
Height (m)	1.5 (0.05) 1.4 – 1.6	1.5 (0.06) 1.4 – 1.6	71.0	0.9
Weight	66.2 (10.9) 47.0 – 84.0	70.7 (7.1) 65.0 – 82.0	90.5	0.2
*Age-group, yrs	n (%)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)
50 -59 yrs	3 (12.5)	6 (25.0)	–
60 -69 yrs	8 (33.3)	4 (16.7)	3.7 0.6 – 27.8	0.2
>70 yrs	3 (12.5)	0	13 0.5 – 33.0	0.03

*Fisher exact test p<0.05

There are 24 patients treated with Ibandronate. 14 (58.3%), (95% CI 33.2-76.5) of them suffer from osteoporosis and 10 (43.7%), (95% CI 23.4-61.7) of osteopenia, no statistically significant difference between them, p = 0.9.

Pacientët me Osteoporozë kanë një moshë mesatare më të lartë krahasuar me pacientët me Osteopeni, por pa ndryshim statistikisht të rëndësishëm ndërmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=39.5, p=0.07). Pacientët me Osteoporozë kanë të njejtën gjatësi mesatare me pacientet me Osteopeni, pa ndryshim statistikisht të rëndësishëm ndermjet tyre (Man Whitney U=71.0, p=0.9)

Grupmosha 60 – 69 vjeç ka 3.7 herë më tepër gjasa që të vuajë nga Osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeç, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndërmjet tyre (OR=3.7; 95%CI 0.6–27.8; p=0.2).

Grupmosha >70 vjeç ka 13 herë më tepër gjasa që të vuajë nga osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeç me ndryshim sinjifikant ndërmjet tyre (OR=13; 95%CI 0.5–33.0; p=0.03).

Pacientët me Osteopeni kanë peshë mesatare më të lartë krahasuar me pacientët me Osteoporozë, por pa ndryshim statistikisht të rëndësishëm ndërmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=90.5, p=0.2)

The change from baseline for

Ibandronate group

(N=24)

The change from baseline is calculated:

Table5

	Osteoporosis n=14	Osteopenia n= 10

	M (SD) min – max	M (SD) min – max	Mann-Whitney U	p

The change from baseline	7.3 (6.1) -0.5 – 17.3	3.3 (2.2) -1.3 – 6.3	43.0	0.1

Patients with osteoporosis have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients with osteopenia, no statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 43.0, p = 0.1)

Comparison of change from baseline for patients with osteoporosis referring the two drugs

.

Table 6.

	Alendronate n=18	Ibandronate n= 14

	M (SD) min – max	M (SD) min – max	Mann-Whitney U	p

The change from baseline	2.1 (4.5) -7.6 – 13.9	7.3 (6.1) -0.5 – 17.3	66.0	<0.01

Chart 2. The change from baseline for patients with osteoporosis

Pacientët me

Osteoporozë

të mjekuar me medikamentin

Ibandronat

kanë një ndryshim mesatar nga baseline

më të lartë

krahasuar me pacientet e mjekuar me

Alendronat

, me ndryshim statistikisht të rëndesishëm ndërmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=66.0, p<0.01).

Table 7. Percentages of the average change of BMD from baseline

	Total	Osteoporosis	Ostopenia
Alendronate	1.83564848	2.081694	1.677476
Ibandronate	5.635355	7.27025	3.346503

Chart 3.

Nga figura rezulton se efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat (5.6) është dukshëm më i lartë se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (1.8). Efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat tek pacientët me osteoporozë (7.3) është dukshëm më i lartë se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (2.1). Efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat tek pacientët me osteoponi (3.3) është më i lartë se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (1.7).

Cost analysis

We consider only direct costs such as: DXA scanner examinations, medical visits and medications costs (drugs and the supplements), according to a well-defined treatment protocol. In Albania, there is only one kind of ibandronate (only one brand) 150 mg / once a month, while there are lots of alendronate (different brands) 70 mg / 4 times per month, which we have called A1,A2,A3, A4,A5. We have calculated the costs of the only ibandronate and the costs of five types of alendronate, including the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market. In both cases the basic treatment is associated with calcium and vitamin D.

Table 8 Annual Cost of treatment and cost of examination

Nr		Currency	Quantity	Cost	Month	Annual Costs
1	Diagnostics
	skaner DXA	Lek ¹	1	4,000		4,000
	Medical examination		1	1,000		1,000
2	Type of Alendronat 70mg
	A1	lek	4	3,410	12	40,920
	A2	lek	4	2,093	12	25,116
	A3	lek	4	3,301	12	39,612
	A4	lek	4	4,102	12	49,224
	A.5 (Albanian Product)	lek	4	1,200	12	14,400

3	Ibandronat 150 mg
		lek	1	4,873	12	58,476
4	Calcium Carbonat 1000 mg + Colecalciferol 880 UI	lek	30	1,019	12	12,228

Table 9 Cost of illness according the type of medications

Type of Alendronat	1+2+4	Annual costs
A1	lek	58,148
A2	lek	42,344
A3	lek	56,840
A4	lek	66,452
A5	lek	31,628
Type of Ibandronat	1+3+4	Annual costs
I1	lek	75,704

The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 2.4 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market, respectivly 537

[1]

euro versus 226 euro per patient in alendronate group.

Having all the annual costs and the efficiency for each drug, we can compare:

Table 10

Name	(Changes by baseline in %)
Efficiency of alendronate	1.83565
Efficiency of ibandronate	5.63536

Table11

Type of treatment	C/E
Alendronate
A1	31,677
A2	23,068
A3	30,965
A4	36,201
A5	17,230
Ibandronate	13,434

The analyse of cost per efficiency unit (Table 10) shows that in the case of ibandronate the value obtained is 13.434 units and in alendronate “A1” case is 31.677 units.

Discussion of results

Patients with osteoporosis treated with Ibandronate, at our clinic in Tirana, have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients treated with Alendronate, with statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 66.0, p < 0.01). We find in the literature that once – monthly Ibandronate was shown to be clinically comparable to weekly alendronate at increasing BMD after 12 months in the lumbar spine and total hip
¹⁶

The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 1.3 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate “A1 and 2.4 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market.

So as claimed, the cost for effectiveness unit is lower (about 2.3 times) in the case of ibandronate compared to alendronate “A1”. Well ibandronate results the most cost- effective. Ibandronate turns more cost – effective than all other alendronate including the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042311

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